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Karolyi & Bethlen: Hungary (Makers of the Modern World), by Bryan Cartledge
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White aster flowers, on sale on the streets of Budapest on the eve of All Souls' Day, are made the symbol of a revolution which brings Mihály Károlyi (1875-1955) to power at the head of a National Council. Károlyi concludes an armistice which leaves large areas of Hungarian territory under occupation by French, Romanian and Serbian forces. Following the King-Emperor's abdication in November 1918, Hungary is declared an independent republic with Károlyi as its President. He sets about meeting Hungary's most pressing social need, for land reform. But Károlyi's liberal regime is soon beset by strong opposition from the right and from the left. The Allies seal Károlyi's fate by refusing to end the economic blockade of Hungary and by imposing, even in advance of a peace settlement (Hungary is denied an invitation until the Conference is virtually over), even harsher armistice terms. Károlyi flinches from opposing these measures by force. The small socialist element in his government of well-meaning aristocrats defects and forms an alliance with Hungary's fledgling Communist Party. Károlyi resigns and chooses exile. The Communists, led by Bela Kun, take power. Kun raises a Red Army, which defeats a Czech invasion but fails to stem the Romanian advance, which enters Budapest in defiance of orders from Paris and engages in an orgy of pillage and destruction. The Peace Conference despatches a British diplomat, Sir George Clerk, to Budapest to broker a Romanian withdrawal. Clerk succeeds in forming a coalition government of right-wing parties, with token representation for the centre-left, which he recognises in the name of the Peace Conference and invites to send a delegation to Paris. It includes Counts István Bethlen (1874-1946) and Pál Teleki, both future prime ministers. The delegation is presented on arrival, on 6 January 1920, with the draft peace treaty for Hungary which the expert committees of the Conference have produced and which the Council has approved without amendment. The Hungarians are appalled to find that the treaty will deprive their country of two-thirds of her territory and over half of her population. The injustice of the Treaty will drive Hungary into the arms of Nazi Germany, a fatal alliance which will doom Hungary's Jews to annihilation and Hungary to defeat and destruction in the Second World War.
- Sales Rank: #2572851 in eBooks
- Published on: 2009-06-01
- Released on: 2009-06-01
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Bryan Cartledge is a retired diplomat, who served in Sweden, the Soviet Union and Iran before being appointed, in 1977, to be Private Secretary (Overseas Affairs) to the British Prime Minister; he served both James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher in that capacity before taking up his first ambassadorial appointment as British Ambassador to Hungary, in 1980. Cartledge left the Diplomatic Service in 1988 on his election to be Principal of Linacre College, Oxford. Earlier in his career, he was enlisted to assist Sir Anthony Eden (later the Earl of Avon) with the first volume of his memoirs. At Oxford, he edited six books on environmental issues. He holds diplomas in the Hungarian language from the Universities of Westminster and Debrecen (Hungary). His well-received history of Hungary, The Will to Survive, fulfils an aspiration which grew out of his deep interest in that country, where he lived for three years.
Most helpful customer reviews
15 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
Gripping and insightful
By Balint Kacsoh
In this book, Bryan Cartledge explores the Treaty of Trianon and the political careers of two very contrasting Hungarian politicians (the left-leaning Mihaly Karolyi and the conservative Istvan Bethlen) who significantly impacted Hungary's fate during that era.
Cartledge explains Hungary's status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Hungary's opposition to start a war after assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - a war that eventually evolved into World War I. He also explains the various ethnic groups' (living in Austria-Hungary) independence aspirations predating WWI, and how these aspirations received support from the victorious Allies (France, UK, USA, Italy, and Japan). Cartledge describes the impact of the war on Austria-Hungary, including food and coal shortages, and how the circumstances led to two successive revolutions in Hungary: the October 1918 Aster Revolution, and the March 1919 Communist takeover. The reader develops an appreciation how the Allies' maneuvering contributed to the Communist takeover, and how the existence of a Communist Hungarian State was viewed as a threat, thereby creating an even more hostile environment against Hungary during the Peace Conference. Cartledge exposes the unintended (yet fatal) flaws in the structure of the Peace Conference that contributed to harsher than intended redrawing of Hungary's borders. Cartledge also explains the key players' attitudes toward Hungary that was typically "Magyarphobic" and biased. He clearly describes that the Allies abandoned President Wilson's 14 points, and that Hungary was invited to the Peace Conference at a date when the decisions had already been made.
Regarding the aftermath, Cartledge makes the point that the Treaty of Trianon was an unjust dictate that not only dismembered Hungary (which lost two thirds of its territory), but it failed to recognize ethnic distribution, and delivered three million Hungarians (every third Hungarian at the time) to minority status in hostile Successor States (Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania). Cartledge explains the origins of anti-Magyar sentiments by the ethnic majorities in the Successor States.
The complex events are presented without major simplification, yet in a way that the reader can follow them well. The account Cartledge gives is objective, unbiased.
There were some statements that could be disputed. On p. 142, Cartledge commented that "pro-German sentiment had always been strong in Hungary." The reality is that the sentiment was ambiguous at best. Cartledge himself alludes in this book to Hungary's repeated freedom fights to regain its independence from Austria, and the Magyars bitterness when Austria gained territory from Hungary as part of the Treaty of Trianon. During WWII, Hungary was a reluctant ally of Nazi Germany (see John F. Montgomery: Hungary, The Unwilling Satellite), and the pro-German sentiment was primarily driven by a strong anti-Soviet, anti-Communist stance, which was in part due to the experiences with the Soviet (Council) Republic of Hungary under Bela Kun in 1919.
Regardless of (very few) minor disputable statements such as the one quoted, this book is an excellent account of the events that had reshaped the map of Central Europe. In the Epilogue, Cartledge expressed his opinion that Hungary and the so-called Successor States becoming members of the European Union should reduce the damaging impact of Trianon. He cited the Status Law enacted by the Hungarian Parliament as a source of friction between Hungary and the Successor States, but he did not cover anti-Magyar policies still being implemented in the Successor States. Even today, the Szekelys (also known as Szeklers, a subpopulation of ethnic Hungarians in Romania) struggle to regain their Autonomous Region status that was taken away in the 1960s under Ceausescu - although 20 years have passed since Ceausescu's ousting and the collapse of Communism in Romania, and in spite of Hungary's support of Romania's joining the European Union. Cartledge did not follow Trianon's aftermath to the present - a missed opportunity. Czechoslovakia broke up twice (during WWII and after the collapse of Communism) because Slovakians could not realize their aspirations under Czech dominance. Yugoslavia also proved to be an unsustainable conglomerate. Probably these ramifications are too much rooted in present-day politics to be included in a book about the Treaty of Trianon.
One just hopes that the tensions that Trianon generated will eventually dissipate as a consequence of the European Union, and the affected nations will learn to peacefully live together based on mutual respect. Bryan Cartledge's historical account may help to achieve that goal by openly discussing the problems that haunt the region since (and before) Trianon.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
THOROUGH AND DEEPLY SYMPATHETIC to the HISTORICALLY DISTURBING TRENDS EMERGING
By Piroska Jackson
The period covered from the end of first World War clarifies in the most methodical and yet compassionate way the
events and influences operating Europe-wide. The "peacemakers" were not equal to the task, nor did they or could
they fathom the consequences of re-drawing, often arbitrarily the map of Europe. The book recognizes the limitations
of all the politicians involved, but gives credit where it is due, more than any similar publication, even by the same
author.
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